UNIT- I
1. What are Computer Types ?
2. Explain Functional unit ?
3. Explain the Basic Operational concepts?
4. Explain Bus structures ?
5. What is multiprocessors and multi computers ?
6. Explain Data Representation ?
7. Explain Fixed Point Representation ?
8. Explain Floating - Point Representation ?
9. What are the Error Detection codes ?
10. Explain Functional unit and Basic Operational concepts ?
11. Explain Bus structures and Data Representation ?
12. What is the diff b/w multiprocessors and multi computers ?
13. Explain Fixed Point Representation and Floating - Point Representation ?
14. What are the Error Detection codes ?
15. Explain about sign magnitude and 2’s complement approaches for representing the fixed point numbers. Why 2’s complement is preferable ?
16. Give means to identify whether or not an overflow has occurred in 2’s complement addition or subtraction operations. Take one example for each possible situation and explain. Assume 4 bit registers ?
17. Distinguish between tightly coupled microprocessors and tightly coupled Microprocessors ?
18. Explain the terms computer architecture, computer organization and computer design in a detailed fashion ?
19. Explain about MIPS , FLOPS rating of a processor ?
20.What is meant by normalization in floating point representation?. Why do we need it? What is bias? What normalization is used in IEEE 754 standard?
21. Explain about NaN and denormalised numbers in IEEE 754 standards?
22. Explain the terms compiler, linker, assembler, loader and describe how a C program or any other high level language program is executed in a system. Indicate entire process with a figure ?
23. Distinguish between high level and low level languages?. What are the requirements for a good programming language ?
24.Explain about various buses such as internal, external, backplane, I/O, system, address , data, synchronous and asynchronous ?
25.Explain about daisy chain based bus arbitration ?
26.Distinguish between error detection and correction codes. What do you understand by odd parity and even parity ? What is odd function and even function? To calculate odd and even parity values which functions can be used? Calculate Oddand even parity values for all hexadecimal digits 0-9 and A-F ?
27. Explain about sign magnitude and 2’s complement approaches for representingthe fixed point numbers. Why 2’s complement is preferable ?
28.Give means to identify whether or not an overflow has occurred in 2s complement addition or subtraction operations. Take one example for each possible ?
29.Diff b/w Fixed Point Representation , Floating -point Representation ?
30. Diff b/w Bus structures and Data representation ?
Unit -II
1. Design a circuit transferring data from a 4bit register which uses D flip-flops to another register which employs RS flip-flops ?
2. What are register transfer logic languages. Explain few RTL statement for branching with their actual functioning ?
3. Identify different types of instructions and describe their formats with their constituent fields. Mention which factors influence the size of the fields ?
4.How do we classify CPU’s based on their register organizations. In which organizations, zero address instructions are used ? (Mention few zero address instructions and their actual execution in practice)
5.Design register selection circuit to select one of the four 4-bit registers content on to bus. Give fuller explanation ?
6.Design a circuit for parallel load operation into one of the
four 4-bit registers from a bus. Mention clearly control/selection bits and selection logic. Assume D flip-flops ?
7.What are register transfer logic languages. Explain few RTL statement for branching with their actual functioning ?
8. Explain about stack organization used in processors. What do you understand by register stack and memory stack ?
9.Explain how X=(A+B)/(A-B) is evaluated in a stack based computer ?
10.What is the Register Transfer language ?
11.Explain Register Transfer Bus and memory transfers ?
12. What is the Arithmetic Mircrooperatiaons ?
13.Explain about logic micro operations ?
14.what is the diff b/w Arithmetic ircrooperatiaons and logic micro operations ?
15.Explain shift micro operations ?
16.Explain about Arithmetic logic shift unit ?
17.Explain about Instruction codes ?
18.Explain about Computer Registers Computer instructions ?
19.Explain about Instruction cycle ?
20.What are the Memory - Reference Instructions ?
21.What are the Input - Output and Interrupt ?
22.Explain about STACK organization ?
23.Explain about Instruction formats ?
24.what are the Addressing modes ?
25.Explain about DATA Transfer and manipulation ?
26.Explain about Program control ?
27. What is the Reduced Instruction set computer ?
28.what is the diff b/w logic micro operations and shift micro operations ?
29. Explain how X=(A+B)/(A-B) is evaluated in a stack based computer and Explain about STACK organization ?
30. Identify different types of instructions and describe their formats with their constituent fields. Mention which factors influence the size of the fields. Explain about Instruction codes ?
UNIT – III
1. Explain the functions of the control unit ?
2. What is meant by microinstruction? Explain ?
3. Discuss the microprogrammed control unit ?
4. Explain the features of dynamic microprogramming ?
5. Explain about the memories in a microprogrammed control unit ?
6. Discuss the microprogrammed control organization ?
7. What is the difference between a microprocessor and a microprogram ? Is it possible to design a microprocessor without a microprogram ?
8. Explain the difference between hardwired control and microprogrammed control? Is it possible to have a hardwired control associated with a control memory?
9. Define the following
a) micro program b) micro code c) micro operation
10. Explain the following
a) pipeline register b) sequencer
11. Discuss the following
a) control address register b) hardwired control
12. What are the address sequencing capabilities required in
Control memory ?
13. What is meant by the mapping procedure? Explain?
14. Explain about address sequencing for microinstructions?
15. Describe the procedure for selecting the address for control
Memory ?
16. How to do mapping from instruction code to microinstruction
Address ? Explain ?
17. Write short notes on subroutine register ?
18. Explain how the mapping from an instruction code to a
Micro instruction address can be done by means of a
read-only memory ?
19. Formulate a mapping procedure that provides eight
consecutive microinstructions for each routine. The
operation code has six bits and the control memory has
2048 words ?
20. Explain the computer hardware configuration ?
21. Discuss the computer instruction format ?
22. Describe the microinstruction format for the control memory ?
23. Explain about microoperations ?
24. Represent symbols and binary code for microinstructions fields ?
25. Explain about the condition field of microoperation ?
26 . Explain about the branch field of microoperation ?
27. Discuss the symbolic microinstructions fields ?
28. Write the microinstructions needed for the fetch routine ?
Explain ?
29. Explain about MAP microinstruction in the fetch routine ?
30. Discuss the BRANCH instruction and EXHANGE instruction for the Symbolic microprogram ?
31. Explain ADD, STORE, FETCH micro routine for a binary
Micro program ?
32..Explain the design of control unit?
33. Discuss the significance of microprogram sequencer ?
34. Construct the input logic truth table for microprogram
Sequencer ?
35. Show how a 9 bit microoperation field in a icroinstruction can be divided into subfields to specify 46 microoperations. How many microoperations can be specified in one microinstruction ?
UNIT – IV
1) Explain the role of an arithmetic processor?
2) Discuss how addition and subtraction of signed magnitude numbers can be done?
3) Explain the hardware implementation for signed magnitude addition and subtraction?
4) Draw the flowchart for add and subtract operations and explain?
5) Describe the hardware for signed 2’s complement addition and subtraction?
6) Explain the algorithm for adding and subtracting numbers in signed 2’s complement representation?
7) Formulate a hardware procedure for detecting an overflow by comparing the sign of the sum with the signs of the augend and addend.The numbers are insigned 2’s complement representation?
8) Derive an algorithm in flowchart form for adding and subtracting two fixed point binary numbers when negative numbers are in signed 1’s complement representation?
9) Derive an algorithm for evaluating the square root of a binary fixed point number?
10) Explain the multiplication of two fixed point binary numbers in signed magnitude representation with an example?
11 ) Describe the hardware implementation for signed magnitude data?
12) Explain the flowchart for multiply operation?
13) Discuss the booth multiplication algorithm?
14) Explain the hardware for booth algorithm?
15) Explain booth algorithm for multiplication of signed 2’s complement numbers?
16) With an example explain the multiplication using booth algorithm?
17)Describe 4 bit by 3 bit array multiplier?
18) Explain the division of two fixed point binary numbers in signed magnitude representation?
19) Discuss the hardware implementation for signed magnitude
Data ?
20) When the divide overflow occurs? Explain?
21) Describe the flowchart for the divide operation?
22) Explain comparison and non restoring method?
23) Explain the floating point representation of data?
24) With an example explain floating point addition and
Substraction ?
25) Describe the registers for floating point operations?
26) Draw the flowchart for addition and subtraction of floating
Point numbers ?
27) Discuss the procedure for multiplication algorithm?
28) Represent the flowchart for multiplication of floating point
Numbers ?
29) Explain the division algorithm procedure?
30) Give the flowchart representation for division of floating
Point numbers ?
31) Represent one stage of a decimal arithmetic unit?
32) Explain three ways of adding decimal numbers?
UNIT – V
1) Explain the memory hierarchy in a computer system?
2) What is meant by multiprogramming? Explain?
3) Explain the modes in which RAM chips exist?
4) Discuss the significance of RAM integrated circuit chips?
5) What is meant by a bootstrap loader? Explain?
6) With the help of block diagram explain RAM chip?
7) Represent the function table of RAM chip and explain?
8) Discuss the typical ROM chip with a diagram?
9) Explain how memory is connected to CPU?
10) a) How many 128 * 8 RAM chips are needed to provide a memory capacity of 2048 bytes?
b) How many lines must be decoded for chip select? Specify the size of the decoders?
11)A computer uses RAM chips of 1024 * 1 capacity
a) How many chips are needed, and how should their address lines be connected to provide a memory capacity of 1024 bytes?
b) How many chips are needed to provide a memory capacity of 16K bytes?
12)Explain the memory address map for microcomputer?
13)What is the significance of auxiliary memory devices?
14)Discuss the features of magnetic disks?
15)Describe the characteristics of magnetic tape?
16)Explain the block diagram of associative diagram?
17)What are the features of content addressable memory? Explain?
18)Represent and explain associative memory of m word, n cells per word?
19)Explain the basic operations of the cache?
20)How to measure the performance of cache memory? Explain?
21)Explain the mapping process?
22)Discuss about associative mapping cache?
23)Describe in words and by means of a block diagram how multiple matched words can be read out from an associative memory?
24)Explain the addressing relations between main and cache memory in direct mapping?
25)Represent and explain direct mapping cache with block size of 8 words?
26)Explain the procedure of writing into cache?
27)What is meant by cache initialization? Explain?
28)Discuss set - associative mapping with an example?
29)What are the characteristics of virtual memory?
30)An address space is specified by 24 bits and the corresponding memory space by 16 bits.
a) How many words are there in the address space?
b) If a page consists of 2Kwords, how many pages and blocks are there in the system?
31)Explain about the relation between address and memory space in a virtual memory system?
32)Explain the following terms
a) virtual address b) physical address
c) address space d) memory space
33) Represent the memory table for mapping a virtual address?
34) How the representation of memory table in a paged system is done?
35) Explain the procedure of address mapping using pages?
36) Define the following
a) pages b) blocks c) page frame d) memory table
37) What is meant by page fault? When it occurs?
38) Explain the characteristics of RAID?
UNIT – VI
1) What are the peripheral devices? Explain?
2) Explain the types of character printers?
3) Briefly explain magnetic disk and magnetic tape?
4) What is the standard binary code for the alphanumeric characters? Explain?
5) Explain the significance of input – output interface?
6) What is meant by interface? Explain the interface units?
7) Explain the connection of I/O bus to input – output devices?
8) Explain the following
a) I/O command b) data input command
9) What is the purpose of data output command? Explain?
10)Explain the ways in which computer buses can be used to communicate with memory and I/O?
11)Discuss the purpose of IOP?
12)What is the difference between isolated I/O and memory- mapped I/O?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
13)Give an example of I/O interface unit?
14)Define the following terms
a) control command b) status command
15) Explain the techniques used to achieve asynchronous data transfer?
16) Explain the source initiated strobe control for data transfer?
17) Represent the block diagram and timing diagram for destination initiated strobe control for data transfer? Explain?
18)What are the disadvantages with the strobe method? Which follows two wired control?
19) Explain the block diagram, timing diagram and sequence of events for source initiated transfer using handshaking?
20)Discuss about timeout mechanism during handshaking?
21)What is the basic advantage of using interrupt-initiated data transfer over transfer under program control without an interrupt?
22)How many types of data transfer are there? What are their disadvantages?
23)Explain the block diagram, timing diagram and sequence of events for destination initiated transfer using handshaking?
24)What is meant by priority interrupt? Explain polling procedure?
25)Explain daisy-chaining priority and parallel priority interrupt?
26)Discuss the block diagram of DMA controller with diagram?
27)Explain DMA transfer in a computer system?
28)Describe the block diagram of a computer with I/O processor?
29)How the communication occurs between CPU – IOP? Explain?
30)Briefly explain data communication processor?
31)What is the purpose of LRC and CRC? Explain?
32)Design a parallel priority interrupt hardware for a system with eight interrupt sources?
33)Explain different modes during data transmission between two points?
34) Discuss the frame format for bit oriented protocol?
35)Write short notes on protocols like RS232, USB?
UNIT- VII
1. Explain the Parallel Processing ?
2. What is pipelining? Explain it ?
3. Show space-time diagram for pipeline. Explain with an example ?
4. Explain arithmetic pipeline ?
5. Explain four segment pipelining ?
6. Explain the following with related to the Instruction Pipeline
(a) Pipeline conflicts
(b) Data dependency
(c) Hardware interlocks
(d) Operand forwarding
7. Explain Instruction Pipeline ?
8. Explain the following with related to the Instruction Pipeline
(a) Delayed load
(b) Pre-fetch target instruction
(c) Branch target buffer
(d) Delayed branch
9. What is meant by instruction pipeline? Explain four segment Instruction
Pipeline ?
10. Give the timing diagram of instruction pipeline ?
11. Explain RISC Pipeline Vector Processing ?
12. What is pipelining? Explain pipeline processing with an example ?
13. Explain RISC pipeline in detail ?
14. Explain vector processing ?
15. Diff b/w Arithmetic Pipeline & Instruction Pipeline ?
16. Explain Array Processors ?
17. Diff b/w Parallel Processing and RISC Pipeline Vector Processing ?
18. Show space-time diagram for pipeline ?
19. Explain four segment pipelining Example ?
20.Draw the Diagram of arithmetic pipeline ?
21. Draw a space time diagram for a six-segment pipeline showing the time it takes to process eight tasks ?
22. Formulate a six-segment instruction pipeline for a computer . Specify the operations to be performed in each segment ?
23. Explain four possible hardware schemes that can be used in an instruction pipeline in order to minimize the performance degradation caused by instrucion branching ?
24. Explain Attached Array Processor with a neat diagram ?
25. Explain SIMD Array Processor with a neat diagram ?
26. Explain SISD, SIMD, MISD,MIMD ?
27. Explain three segment instruction pipeline. Show the timing diagram and show the timing diagram with dataconflict ?
28 a). What is pipelining?
b). Explain arithmetic pipeline ?
29. Explain pipeline for floating point addition and subtraction ?
30. Explain Four segment instruction pipeline. Show the timing diagram ?
UNIT – VIII
1. Describe the characteristics of multiprocessors?
2. Discuss the difference between tightly coupled multiprocessors and loosely coupled multiprocessors from the viewpoint of hardware organization and programming techniques?
3. What are the benefits of multiprocessor organization?
4. What is meant by interconnection structures? Explain?
5. Explain time – shared common bus organization?
6. What is meant by shared memory? Explain?
7. Explain multiport memory organization with a neat diagram?
8. What is the purpose of the system bus controller? Explain how the system can be designed to distinguish between references to local memory and references to common shared memory?
9. Explain the block diagram of crossbar switch?
Describe the crossbar switch organization?
10. How many switch points are there in a crossbar switch network that connects p processors to m memory modules?
11. Explain the operation of a 2 * 2 interchange switch?
12. Represent the binary tree with 2 * 2 switches? Explain?
13. Explain 8 * 8 omega switching network with a diagram?
14. Construct a diagram for a 4 * 4 omega switching network? Show the switch setting required to connect input 3 to output 1?
15. Explain about binary n-cube multiprocessor structure?
16. Explain with diagrams the hypercube structures for n=1,2,3?
17. What is the importance of system bus?
18. Discuss various data transfers over the system bus?
19. Draw a diagram showing the structure of a four-dimensional hypercube network? List all the paths available from node 7 to node 9 that use the minimum number of intermediate nodes?
20. Explain daisy-chain arbitration procedure?
21. Discuss the parallel arbitration procedure?
22. Explain the arbitration procedures which use a static priority algorithm?
23. Describe polling and rotating daisy-chain procedures?
24. Explain about one-cube, two-cube, three-cube structures?
25. What is the significance of time slice algorithm & LRU algorithm?
26. Explain how interprocessor communication can be achieved?
27. Discuss interprocessor synchronization?
28. What is the significance of semaphore?
29. Describe the following terms
a) mutual exclusion b) critical section
30. Explain the hardware lock mechanism?
31. What is cache coherence and why is it important in shared-memory multiprocessor system?
32. Explain the solutions to the cache coherence problem?
33. Explain the importance of snoopy cache controller?
